Guardians and Wards Act (VIII of 1890)
Sections 17 and 25 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, set out the legal framework
for child custody, encompassing the terms “Hizanat” and “Willayat.” The term “Hizanat”
refers to the custodial right, generally granted to the mother for a child’s upbringing,
while “Willayat” pertains to the father’s custody rights. Although these terms often
apply to mothers and fathers, legal custody can also extend to other family members,
like grandparents or aunts, who may take on the child’s care responsibilities if legally
qualified. Therefore, “Hizanat” reflects a broader responsibility for the child’s upbringing
that may be fulfilled by others as well, not just the parents.